Foreword¢ñ

As we are walking into the 21st century, "health for all" is still an important task for the World Health Organization (WHO) to accomplish in the new century. The realization of "health for all" requires mutual cooperation and concerted efforts of various medical sciences, including traditional medicine. WHO has increasingly emphasized the development of traditional medicine and has made fruitful efforts to promote its development. Currently the spectrum of diseases is changing and an increasing number of diseases are difficult to cure. The side effects of chemical drugs have become more and more evident. Furthermore, both the governments and peoples in all countries are faced with the problem of high cost of medical treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the complete system of traditional medical in the world with unique theory and excellent clinical curative effects, basically meets the need to solve such problems. Therefore, bringing TCM into full play in medical treatment and healthcare will certainly become one of the hot points in the world medical business in the 21st century.

Various aspects of work need to be done to promote the course of the internationalization of TCM, especially the compilation of works and textbooks suitable for international readers. The impending new century has witnessed the compilation of such a series of books known as A Newly Compiled Practical English-Chinese Library of Traditional Chinese Medicine published by the Publishing House of Shanghai University of TCM, compiled by Nanjing University of TCM and translated by Shangshai University of TCM. Professor Zuo Yanfu, the general compiler-in-chief of this Library, is a person who sets his mind on the international dissemination of TCM. He has compiled General Survey on TCM Abroad, a monogaph on the development and state of TCM abroad. This Library is another important works written by the experts organized by him with the support of Nanjing University of TCM and Shanghai University of TCM. The compilation of this Library is done with consummate ingenuity and according to the development of TCM abroad. The compilers, based on the premise of preserving the genuineness and gist of TCM, have tried to make the contents concise, practical and easy to understand, making great efforts to introduce the abstruse ideas of TCM in a scientific and simple way as well as expounding the prevention and treatment of diseases which are commonly encountered abroad and can be effectively treated by TCM.

This Library encompasses a systematic summarization of the teaching experience accumulated in Nanjing University of TCM and Shanghai University of TCM that rum the collaborating centers of traditional medicine and the international training centers on acupuncture and moxibustion set by WHO. I am sure that the publication of this Library will further promote the development of traditional Chinese medicine abroad and enable and enable the whole world to have a better understanding of traditional Chinese medicine.

                  Professor Zhu Qingsheng

Vice-Minister of Health Ministry of the People's Republic of China

Director of the State Administrative Bureau of TCM

December 14,2000 Beijing

Foreword ¢ò

Before the existence of the modern medicine, human beings depended solely on herbal medicines and other therapeutic methods to treat diseases and preserve health. Such a practice gave rise to the establishment of various kinds of traditional medicine with unique theory and practice, such as traditional Chinese medicine, Indian medicine and Arabian medicine, etc. Among these traditional systems of medicine, traditional Chinese medicine is a most extraordinary one based on which traditional Korean medicine and Japanese Medici have evolved.

Even in the 21st century, traditional medicine is still of great vitality. In spite of the fast development of modern medicine, traditional medicine is still disseminated far and wide. In many developing countries, most of the people in the rural areas still depend on traditional medicine and traditional medical practitioners to meet the need for primary healthcare. Even in the countries with advanced modern medicine, more and more people have begun to accept traditional medicine and other therapeutic methods, such as homeopathy, osteopathy and naturopathy, etc.

With the change of the economy, culture and living style in various regions as well as the aging in the world population, the disease spectrum has changed. And such a change has paved the way for the new application of traditional medicine. Besides. the new requirements initiated by the new diseases and the achievements and limitations of modern medicine have also created challenges for traditional medicine.

WHO sensed the importance of traditional medicine to human health early in the 1970s and have made great efforts to develop traditional medicine. At the 29th world health congress held in 1976, the item of traditional medicine was adopted in the working plan of WHO. In the following world health congresses, a series of resolutions were passed to demand the member countries to develop, utilize and study traditional medicina according to their specific conditions so as to reduce medical expenses for the realization of "health for all".

   WHO has laid great stress on the scientific content, safe and effective application of traditional medicine. It has published and distributed a series of booklets on the scientific, safe and effective use of herbs and acupuncture and moxibustion. It has also made great contributions to the international standardization of traditional medical terms. The safe and effective application of traditional medicine has much to do with the skills of traditional medicine practitioners. That is why WHO has run 27 collaborating centers in the world which have made great contributions to the training of acupuncturists and traditional medical practitioners. Nanjing University of TCM and Shanghai University of TCM run the collaborating centers with WHO. In recent years it has, with the cooperation of WHO and other countries, trained about ten thousand international students from over 90 countries.

In order to further promote the dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine in the world, A Newly compiled Practical English-Chinese Library of Traditional Chinese Medicine,  compiled by Nanjing University of TCM with Professor Zuo Yanfu as the general compiler-in-chief and published by the Publishing House of Shanghai University of TCM, aims at systematic, accurate and concise expounding of traditional Chinese medical theory and introducing clinical therapeutic methods of traditional medicine according to modern methods of traditional medicine according to modern medical nomenclature of diseases. Undoubtedly, this series of books will be the practical textbooks for the beginners with certain English level and the international enthusiasts with certain level of Chinese to study traditional Chinese medicine. Besides, this series of books can also serve as reference books for WHO to internationally standardize the nomenclature of acupuncture and moxibustion.

The scientific, safe and effective use of traditional medicine will certainly further promote the development of traditional medicine and traditional medicine will undoubtedly make more and more contributions human health in the 21st century .

                 Zhang Xiaorui

WHO Coordination Officer

December, 2000

Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Classification and Characteristics of Internal Diseases in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

1.1.1 Classification of Internal Diseases in TCM

1.1.2 Characteristics of Internal Diseases in TCM

1.1.2.1 Endogenous pathogenic factors--the major causes of internal diseases

1.1.2.2 Concurrenec of cold, heat, deficiency and excess--the pathogenesis of internal diseases

1.2 The Procedure and Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment of Internal Diseases in TCM

1.2.1 The Procedure of Diagnosis and Treatment

1.2.1.1 To recognize the disease based on the information obtained with the four diagnostic methods

1.2.1.2 To identify the nature and location of a disease

1.2.13 To infer the cause and judge the pathogenesis of a disease

1.2.1.4 To design the therapeutic principle and method

1.2.1.5 To choose drugs and formulate a prescription

1.2.3 Basic Requirements for Diagnosis and Treatment

1.2.2.1 Making an overall analysis of the patient's condition

1.2.2.2 Differentiating principal and secondary aspects, insidious and acute conditions

1.2.2.3 Bringing out the dominant aspect of a disease

1.2.2.4 Paying special attention to the transformation of syndromes

1.2.2.5 Differentiating cold and heat, True and false

1.3 Therapeutic Principles and Methods of Internal Diseases in TCM

1.3.1 Therapeutic Principles

1.3.1.1 Routine treatment and treatment contrary to the routine

1.3.1.2 Strengthening anti-pathogenic qi and eliminating pathogenic factors

1.3.1.3 Replenishing and eliminating methods for zang-fu organs

1.3.1.4 Different principles for different case

1.3.2 Commonly principles for different cases

1.3.2.1 Diaphoretic therapy

1.3.2.2 Emetic therapy

1.3.2.3 Purgative therapy

1.3.2.4 Regulating therapy

1.3.2.5 Warming therapy

1.3.2.6 Heat-clearing therapy

1.3.2.7 Resolving therapy

1.3.2.8 Invigorating therapy

2 Treatment of Diseases

2.1 Syndrome Patterns of the Lung

2.1.1 Colds

2.1.2 Cough

2.1.3 Asthma

2.1.4 Lung Cancer

2.2 Syndrome Patterns of the Heart

2.2.1 Insomnia

2.2.2 Arrhythmia

2.2.3 Coronary Arteriosclerotic Cardiopathy

2.2.4 Viral Myocarditis

2.2.5 Epilepsy

2.2.6 Schizophrenia

2.3 Syndrome Patterns of the Spleen and Stomach

2.3.1 Chronic Gastritis

2.3.2 Peptic Ulcer

2.3.3 Gastric carcinoma

2.3.4 Chronic Colitis

2.3.5 Constipation

2.3.6 Large Intestinal Carcinoma

2.4 Syndrome Patterns of the Liver and Gallbladder

2.4.1 Headache

2.4.2 Vertigo

2.4.3 Viral Hepatitis

2.4.4 Hepatocirrhosis

2.4.5 Liver Cancer

2.4.6 Cholecystitis

2.5 Syndrome Patterns of the Kidney

2.5.1 Chronic Nephritis

2.5.2 Chronic Renal Failure

2.5.3 Urinary Infection

2.5.4 Urolithiasis

2.5.5 Impotence

2.5.6 Spermatorrhea

2.6 General Disease and Acropathy

2.6.1 Fever due to Internal Disorders

2.6.2 consumptive Disease

2.6.3 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

2.6.4 Hypertension

2.6.5 Apoplexy

2.6.6 Rheumatoid Arthritis

2.6.7 Gout

2.7 Syndrome Patterns of Qi, Blood and Body Fluid

2.7.1 Depressive syndrome

2.7.3 Hemorrhagic Syndrome

2.7.4 Thrombocytopenic Purpura

2.7.5 Leukoppenia

2.7.6 Hidrosis Syndrome

2.7.7 Edema

2.8 Other Diseases

2.8.1 Simple Obesity

2.8.2 Hyperlipoproteinemia

2.8.3 Diabetes Mellitus

2.8.4 Hyperthyroidism

2.8.5 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Postscript